Generalized convolutions in JAX#
JAX provides a number of interfaces to compute convolutions across data, including:
For basic convolution operations, the jax.numpy and jax.scipy operations are usually sufficient. If you want to do more general batched multi-dimensional convolution, the jax.lax function is where you should start.
Basic one-dimensional convolution#
Basic one-dimensional convolution is implemented by jax.numpy.convolve(), which provides a JAX interface for numpy.convolve(). Here is a simple example of 1D smoothing implemented via a convolution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from jax import random
import jax.numpy as jnp
import numpy as np
key = random.key(1701)
x = jnp.linspace(0, 10, 500)
y = jnp.sin(x) + 0.2 * random.normal(key, shape=(500,))
window = jnp.ones(10) / 10
y_smooth = jnp.convolve(y, window, mode='same')
plt.plot(x, y, 'lightgray')
plt.plot(x, y_smooth, 'black');
The mode parameter controls how boundary conditions are treated; here we use mode='same' to ensure that the output is the same size as the input.
For more information, see the jax.numpy.convolve() documentation, or the documentation associated with the original numpy.convolve() function.
Basic N-dimensional convolution#
For N-dimensional convolution, jax.scipy.signal.convolve() provides a similar interface to that of jax.numpy.convolve(), generalized to N dimensions.
For example, here is a simple approach to de-noising an image based on convolution with a Gaussian filter:
from scipy import datasets
import jax.scipy as jsp
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(12, 5))
# Load a sample image; compute mean() to convert from RGB to grayscale.
image = jnp.array(datasets.face().mean(-1))
ax[0].imshow(image, cmap='binary_r')
ax[0].set_title('original')
# Create a noisy version by adding random Gaussian noise
key = random.key(1701)
noisy_image = image + 50 * random.normal(key, image.shape)
ax[1].imshow(noisy_image, cmap='binary_r')
ax[1].set_title('noisy')
# Smooth the noisy image with a 2D Gaussian smoothing kernel.
x = jnp.linspace(-3, 3, 7)
window = jsp.stats.norm.pdf(x) * jsp.stats.norm.pdf(x[:, None])
smooth_image = jsp.signal.convolve(noisy_image, window, mode='same')
ax[2].imshow(smooth_image, cmap='binary_r')
ax[2].set_title('smoothed');
Like in the one-dimensional case, we use mode='same' to specify how we would like edges to be handled. For more information on available options in N-dimensional convolutions, see the jax.scipy.signal.convolve() documentation.
General convolutions#
For the more general types of batched convolutions often useful in the context of building deep neural networks, JAX and XLA offer the very general N-dimensional conv_general_dilated function, but it’s not very obvious how to use it. We’ll give some examples of the common use-cases.
A survey of the family of convolutional operators, a guide to convolutional arithmetic, is highly recommended reading!
Let’s define a simple diagonal edge kernel:
# 2D kernel - HWIO layout
kernel = jnp.zeros((3, 3, 3, 3), dtype=jnp.float32)
kernel += jnp.array([[1, 1, 0],
[1, 0,-1],
[0,-1,-1]])[:, :, jnp.newaxis, jnp.newaxis]
print("Edge Conv kernel:")
plt.imshow(kernel[:, :, 0, 0]);
Edge Conv kernel:
And we’ll make a simple synthetic image:
# NHWC layout
img = jnp.zeros((1, 200, 198, 3), dtype=jnp.float32)
for k in range(3):
x = 30 + 60*k
y = 20 + 60*k
img = img.at[0, x:x+10, y:y+10, k].set(1.0)
print("Original Image:")
plt.imshow(img[0]);
Original Image:
lax.conv and lax.conv_with_general_padding#
These are the simple convenience functions for convolutions
️⚠️ The convenience lax.conv, lax.conv_with_general_padding helper functions assume NCHW images and OIHW kernels.
from jax import lax
out = lax.conv(jnp.transpose(img,[0,3,1,2]), # lhs = NCHW image tensor
jnp.transpose(kernel,[3,2,0,1]), # rhs = OIHW conv kernel tensor
(1, 1), # window strides
'SAME') # padding mode
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
print("First output channel:")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,0,:,:]);
out shape: (1, 3, 200, 198)
First output channel:
out = lax.conv_with_general_padding(
jnp.transpose(img,[0,3,1,2]), # lhs = NCHW image tensor
jnp.transpose(kernel,[3,2,0,1]), # rhs = OIHW conv kernel tensor
(1, 1), # window strides
((2,2),(2,2)), # general padding 2x2
(1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1)) # rhs/kernel dilation
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
print("First output channel:")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,0,:,:]);
out shape: (1, 3, 202, 200)
First output channel:
Dimension Numbers define dimensional layout for conv_general_dilated#
The important argument is the 3-tuple of axis layout arguments: (Input Layout, Kernel Layout, Output Layout)
N - batch dimension
H - spatial height
W - spatial width
C - channel dimension
I - kernel input channel dimension
O - kernel output channel dimension
⚠️ To demonstrate the flexibility of dimension numbers we choose a NHWC image and HWIO kernel convention for lax.conv_general_dilated below.
dn = lax.conv_dimension_numbers(img.shape, # only ndim matters, not shape
kernel.shape, # only ndim matters, not shape
('NHWC', 'HWIO', 'NHWC')) # the important bit
print(dn)
ConvDimensionNumbers(lhs_spec=(0, 3, 1, 2), rhs_spec=(3, 2, 0, 1), out_spec=(0, 3, 1, 2))
SAME padding, no stride, no dilation#
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1), # window strides
'SAME', # padding mode
(1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
print("First output channel:")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 200, 198, 3)
First output channel:
VALID padding, no stride, no dilation#
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1), # window strides
'VALID', # padding mode
(1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape, "DIFFERENT from above!")
print("First output channel:")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 198, 196, 3) DIFFERENT from above!
First output channel:
SAME padding, 2,2 stride, no dilation#
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(2,2), # window strides
'SAME', # padding mode
(1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape, " <-- half the size of above")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
print("First output channel:")
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 100, 99, 3) <-- half the size of above
First output channel:
VALID padding, no stride, rhs kernel dilation ~ Atrous convolution (excessive to illustrate)#
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1), # window strides
'VALID', # padding mode
(1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(12,12), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
print("First output channel:")
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 176, 174, 3)
First output channel:
VALID padding, no stride, lhs=input dilation ~ Transposed Convolution#
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1), # window strides
((0, 0), (0, 0)), # padding mode
(2,2), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape, "<-- larger than original!")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
print("First output channel:")
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 397, 393, 3) <-- larger than original!
First output channel:
We can use the last to, for instance, implement transposed convolutions:
# The following is equivalent to tensorflow:
# N,H,W,C = img.shape
# out = tf.nn.conv2d_transpose(img, kernel, (N,2*H,2*W,C), (1,2,2,1))
# transposed conv = 180deg kernel rotation plus LHS dilation
# rotate kernel 180deg:
kernel_rot = jnp.rot90(jnp.rot90(kernel, axes=(0,1)), axes=(0,1))
# need a custom output padding:
padding = ((2, 1), (2, 1))
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(img, # lhs = image tensor
kernel_rot, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1), # window strides
padding, # padding mode
(2,2), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape, "<-- transposed_conv")
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
print("First output channel:")
plt.imshow(np.array(out)[0,:,:,0]);
out shape: (1, 400, 396, 3) <-- transposed_conv
First output channel:
1D Convolutions#
You aren’t limited to 2D convolutions, a simple 1D demo is below:
# 1D kernel - WIO layout
kernel = jnp.array([[[1, 0, -1], [-1, 0, 1]],
[[1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, -1]]],
dtype=jnp.float32).transpose([2,1,0])
# 1D data - NWC layout
data = np.zeros((1, 200, 2), dtype=jnp.float32)
for i in range(2):
for k in range(2):
x = 35*i + 30 + 60*k
data[0, x:x+30, k] = 1.0
print("in shapes:", data.shape, kernel.shape)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
plt.plot(data[0]);
dn = lax.conv_dimension_numbers(data.shape, kernel.shape,
('NWC', 'WIO', 'NWC'))
print(dn)
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(data, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,), # window strides
'SAME', # padding mode
(1,), # lhs/image dilation
(1,), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers = lhs, rhs, out dimension permutation
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
plt.plot(out[0]);
in shapes: (1, 200, 2) (3, 2, 2)
ConvDimensionNumbers(lhs_spec=(0, 2, 1), rhs_spec=(2, 1, 0), out_spec=(0, 2, 1))
out shape: (1, 200, 2)
3D Convolutions#
import matplotlib as mpl
# Random 3D kernel - HWDIO layout
kernel = jnp.array([
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
[[0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1], [0, -1, 0]],
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]],
dtype=jnp.float32)[:, :, :, jnp.newaxis, jnp.newaxis]
# 3D data - NHWDC layout
data = jnp.zeros((1, 30, 30, 30, 1), dtype=jnp.float32)
x, y, z = np.mgrid[0:1:30j, 0:1:30j, 0:1:30j]
data += (jnp.sin(2*x*jnp.pi)*jnp.cos(2*y*jnp.pi)*jnp.cos(2*z*jnp.pi))[None,:,:,:,None]
print("in shapes:", data.shape, kernel.shape)
dn = lax.conv_dimension_numbers(data.shape, kernel.shape,
('NHWDC', 'HWDIO', 'NHWDC'))
print(dn)
out = lax.conv_general_dilated(data, # lhs = image tensor
kernel, # rhs = conv kernel tensor
(1,1,1), # window strides
'SAME', # padding mode
(1,1,1), # lhs/image dilation
(1,1,1), # rhs/kernel dilation
dn) # dimension_numbers
print("out shape: ", out.shape)
# Make some simple 3d density plots:
def make_alpha(cmap):
my_cmap = cmap(jnp.arange(cmap.N))
my_cmap[:,-1] = jnp.linspace(0, 1, cmap.N)**3
return mpl.colors.ListedColormap(my_cmap)
my_cmap = make_alpha(plt.cm.viridis)
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.scatter(x.ravel(), y.ravel(), z.ravel(), c=data.ravel(), cmap=my_cmap)
ax.axis('off')
ax.set_title('input')
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.scatter(x.ravel(), y.ravel(), z.ravel(), c=out.ravel(), cmap=my_cmap)
ax.axis('off')
ax.set_title('3D conv output');
in shapes: (1, 30, 30, 30, 1) (3, 3, 3, 1, 1)
ConvDimensionNumbers(lhs_spec=(0, 4, 1, 2, 3), rhs_spec=(4, 3, 0, 1, 2), out_spec=(0, 4, 1, 2, 3))
out shape: (1, 30, 30, 30, 1)
